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Showing posts with label Prose. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Prose. Show all posts

Friday, 2 February 2018

Francis Bacon Essays short Questions

According to Bacon, what are the main benefits of study?
According to Bacon the main benefits of study are delight, ornament and ability.
What does Bacon means by ‘writing makes an exact man’ in his essay ‘Of Studies’?
Bacon means by ‘writing makes an exact man’ in his essay ‘Of Studies’ that writing and thinking goes hand in hand. Writing enforces to think about what he believes and what he want to communicate and he is always trying to get right word.
Who was Bacon and what did he do?
Francis Bacon was born on 22 January 1561 in London. He was the son of Sir Nicholas Bacon, keeper of the great seal of Elizabeth I. Bacon studied at Cambridge University and at Gray's Inn and became a member of parliament in 1584. He served as attorney general and Lord Chancellor of England during the Renaissance, but is is best know for his contributions to philosophy.
What is your opinion about Bacon in the light of his character sketch?
Bacon is "One of those complex and contradictory natures which are the despair of the biographer" (Long). Bacon had a dual personality. He was a mental giant but a moral dwarf. Pope very aptly describes him, "The wisest, brightest, meanest of mankind." I agree with J.F. Selby's statement: "He had a great brain; not a great soul."
What do the essays of Bacon tell about his age?
The essays of Bacon tell a lot about his age, Renaissance. These tell that this age has a love for classical learning and natural beauty. It has the spirit of inquiry, individualism and nationalism. It has pragmatic spirit, reformist zeal and Machiavellian approach to life.
What is aphorism?
Aphorism is a statement of truth or opinion expressed in a concise and witty manner. The term is often applied to philosophical, moral and literary principles. For example, "Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability". (Of Studies by Bacon)
Why Bacon is called modern?
Comparing Bacon with his predecessors, Sidney, Lyly and Acham, it will be seen how widely he departs from the prolix methods of the day. He has evolved such a prose style which proves that English can be used as a medium of expression. Most of the lines from his essays have always been acclaimed as immortal quotes. That is why he is called modern.
Why is Bacon's style aphoristic?
Bacon's style is aphoristic because there is a terseness of expression and an epigrammatic brevity in his style. His sentences are brief, rapid and forceful. Indeed, his essays are replete the aphorism. For example, "A lie faces God and shrinks from man."/"Suspicions among thoughts are like bats among birds."
Why is Bacon's style different?
Comparing Bacon with his predecessors, Sidney, Lyly and Acham, it will be seen how widely he departs from the prolix methods of the day. He has evolved such a prose style which proves that English can be used as a medium of expression. Most of the lines from his essays have been acclaimed as immortal quotes. That is why Bacon's style is different.
Is Bacon's precision his wisdom?
Precision is the quality, condition, or fact of being exact, accurate and clear. Precision is the hallmark of good prose style not wisdom. Bacon's wisdom is, in fact, his understanding of the affairs of the world. However, precision makes Bacon's wisdom easy to understand for readers.
What do Bacon's essays teach?
Bacon's essays teach us worldly wisdom. Worldly wisdom means the kind of wisdom that is necessary for achieving worldly success. These teach us the art of how to get on this world, how to become rich and prosperous, how to rise to high positions, how to exercise one's authority and power so as to attain good results, how to gain influence, etc.
Point out the Renaissance elements in Bacon's essays.
Pragmatical spirit, the Machiavellian approach to life, classical learning, love of beauty and sensuousness, spirit of humanism, curiosity and love of travel, wealth of metaphor and analogy, love of learning, emphasis on ethics and morality, and love of exploration are the Renaissance elements in Bacon's essays.
Bacon's essays are full of wisdom. How?
Bacon is a man of Renaissance and man is the subject of his essays. He is a philosopher, utilitarian and moralist. Therefore, "Beyond any other book of the same size in any literature they are loaded with the ripest wisdom of experience." (Hudson)
Bacon's style is pithy. How?
A pithy style is one that is brief, terse and vigorously expressive. Bacon is a master of pithy sentences in his essays. He ignores the unnecessary conceits and over crowded imagery of the Enthusiast. However, every sentence in his essays is pregnant with meaning and is capable of being expanded into several sentences. For example, "A mixture of a lie doeth ever add pleasure.".
Why is Bacon called a worldly moralist?
Bacon is called a worldly moralist because his essays teach us worldly wisdom. Worldly wisdom means the kind of wisdom that is necessary for achieving worldly success. He teaches us the art of how to get on this world, how to become rich and prosperous, how to rise to high positions, how to exercise one's authority and power, and how to gain influence, etc.
How are Bacon's essay an expression of brevity?
Brevity is to describe something great with the use of few words. Bacon possessed a remarkable ability to express deep weighty and profound thoughts with an economy of language. Most of his sentences can be expanded into whole paragraphs, and can be read like proverbs, maxims or aphorisms. For example, "A mixture of a lie doeth ever add pleasure".
What is the major difference between Russell's and Bacon's prose style?
Bacon exhibits a stuffy style of writing whereas as Russell exhibits a plain and tough style of writing. Bacon's style has low frequency words, third person pronouns, Greek and Latin words, and complex sentences whereas Russell's style has high frequency words, first person pronouns, Anglo-Saxon words and simple sentences.
What is Bacon’s main focus in ‘Of Friendship’?
Bacon’s main focus in ‘Of Friendship’ is the fruits of friendship that we share feelings and emotions with friends, friends provide comfort and stability in hard time and lives as unity and bond like pomegranate.
What are the fruits of friendship as described in ‘Of Friendship’ by Bacon?
The fruits of friendship are, we share feelings and emotions with friends and friends provide comfort and stability in hard time and lives as unity and bond like pomegranate.
What is Bacon’s main focus in ‘Of Truth’?
Bacon’s main focus in ‘Of Truth’ is on the high value of truth in Christianity and people’s nature to get pleasure in lying and flirting.
Interpret ‘No pleasure is comparable to the standing upon the vantage-ground of truth’.
This statement means the pleasure of the truth is like a man standing at the top of the mountain and enjoying the beauty of vale and fresh air.
What is the main focus in ‘Of Revenge’?
Bacon’s main focus in ‘Of Revenge’ is the arguments against the private revenge and merit of the public revenge.
Why is Bacon against taking revenge?
Bacon is against taking revenge because revenge is against the moral.


Prose

1.What is Prose ?
2.Is Swift a Misanthrope?
3.Swift's "Gulliver's Travels Complete Analysis & A social satire
4.BACON AS A PROSE STYLIST
5.Francis Bacon: Wisest, Brightest, Meanest
6.Francis Bacon: Worldly Wisdom
7.Francis Bacon: A Moralist
8.Charles Lamb’S “Dream Children
9.Charles Lamb complete Analysis
10.Summary of Bacon's essay of Parents and children
11.Difference Between Poetry and Prose.
12.Edward said's cultural imperialism & Orientalism
13.What is POST-Colonial Literature?
14.The character of Francis Bacon & Bacon as a father of modern English literature&Prose Style
15.BACON ESSAY of Marriage and Single life

Wednesday, 31 January 2018

Gulliver's Travels Short Ques

What is mock-utopia?
Mock-utopia refers to the idea that a society might appear to be idyllic or might want to appear idyllic, but there is no such thing as a perfect society. "Mock" means pretend or fake and "utopia" refers to a perfect place. "Gulliver's Travels" by Jonathan Swift is a mock-utopia.
How 'Gulliver's Travels' is a satire?
Gulliver's Travels" serves as a biting satire. Swift uses mock seriousness and understatement; he parodies and burlesques; he presents a virtue and then turns it into vice. The tone of the book varies from mild wit to outright derision. He is constantly attacking British and European society through its descriptions of imaginary countries.
Who is Gulliver?
Gulliver is the protagonist of the ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ and narrator of the story. He belongs to middle-class family in Nottingham shire, England. He is intelligent and well educated.
Who are Lilliputians?
The Lilliputians are inhabitants of the island where Gulliver reached after his ship wrecked in the sea. They are six inches in height. They are ruled by an Emperor. They are selfish, vicious, morally corrupt, deceitful and jealous, filled with greed and ingratitude.
What is the real title of 'Gulliver's Travels'?
The real title of "Gulliver's Travels" is "Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, by Lemuel Gulliver".
What is the symbolic significance of Lilliput?
Lilliput is symbolized the political, religious and social affairs of England. Small size signifies low morality, high-heels and low-heels signify the Whigs and Tories and big-endian and little-endian signify Catholic and Protestant etc.
How do the Lilliputians treat Gulliver when they first encounter him?
They fasten him in strings and put him on a cart which driven by thousands of miniature horses.
What is the significance of size in ‘Gulliver’s Travels’?
In ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ the small size signifies the low morality as selfish, vain, petty etc.(Lilliputian) and the big size signifies the high morality like noble, good, peaceful etc.(Brobdignagian).
Is Swift a pessimist?
No doubt, Swift has a very pessimistic view of human kind in "Gulliver's Travels". However, the book is not a sermon of hopeless pessimism but a farsighted overview of the social and ideological tenets of bourgeois progress. Thus Swift is a hopeful pessimist.
Has 'Gulliver's Travels' been written for children?
''Gulliver's Travels" is not really a children's book, but it has been seen as a children's story from the start: little people, big people, talking horses. However, since it publication it has been popular with both children and adults.
Is 'Gulliver's Travels' interesting?
Gulliver's Travels" is a story of adventure and has several elements in it of a fairy tale. Both adventure and fairy-elements in a story greatly appeal to the readers. Thus "Gulliver's Travels" is a very interesting story.

■Is 'Gulliver's Travels' a tragic work?
Gulliver's Travels" is not a wholly tragic work. It does not have a clear tragic hero. It would be quite appropriate to call is a tragic-comedy.
What is the purpose of Swift in writing 'Gulliver's Travels'?
Swift's main purpose in writing "Gulliver's Travels" is to reform the weakness and inability of the English government and political world through the different places that he has artfully created in this book. He also wants reforms in the inappropriateness of war, the fickleness of the English social atmosphere, and the corruption of the legal universe in Swift's era.

▶Who are Swift's satirical targets?

Education, politics, religion, science, society, the nature of man and the king in the 18th century England are the satirical targets of Swift in "Gulliver's Travels".

What is the allegorical significance of the floating island of Laputa?
The floating island of Laputa is about 4.5 miles in diameter, with an adamantine base, which its inhabitants can maneuver in any direction using magnetic levitation. The rebellion of Lindalino against Laputa is an allegory of Ireland's revolt against Great Britain.
What are the two empires fighting about in 'Gulliver's Travels'?
Lilliput and Blefuscu are the two empires fighting about in "Gulliver's Travels". They represent the constant fighting between England and France in the early 18th century.
What is the significance of size in 'Gulliver's Travels'?
The small size of Lilliputians and Blefuscudians is an indication of their moral stature. The Lilliputians are petty, vain, spiteful, self-important, and ready to make a war at the drop of a hat. The Blefuscudians favour opening eggs on the big end, in opposition to the position of the Lilliputians, and declare a war on Lilliput. On the other hand, the giant Brodingnagians are good, noble and peace-loving.
Who are Lilliputians?
The Lilliputians inhabit the first island Gulliver visits. They are men six inches in height but possessing all the pretension and self-importance of full-sized men. They are ruled by an Emperor. They are mean and nasty, vicious, morally corrupt, hypocritical and deceitful, jealous and envious, filled with greed and ingratitude -- they are, in fact, completely human.
How did Gulliver help the king of Lilliput?
Gulliver helped the king of Lilliput in different ways. He helped the king specially in military, by stealing the Blefuscudian's navy.
How did Gulliver help the king of Lilliput?
Gulliver helped the king of Lilliput by stealing the Blefuscudian ships. It is easy job for him that water is up to his waist level but difficult for Lilliputians because of their small height.
What is the great service performed by Gulliver to the Emperor of Lilliput, and what is this reward?
The great service performed by Gulliver to the Emperor of Lilliput is that Gulliver steals the Blefuscudian ships and he rewarded by the highest military award in Lilliput.
What are the two empires fighting about in ‘Gulliver’s Travels’?
The two empires fighting about in “Gulliver’s Travels” are Lilliput and Blefuscu. These two empires stand for fighting between England and France in the early 18th century.
The Yahoos stand for the evil in man. Explain.
Yahoos stand for the evil in man. They shows the eagerness for pearls, lust, envy, deceit etc.
What do Small Endians and Big Endians stand for in ‘Gulliver’s Travels’?
Small Endians stand for the Protestant and Big Endians stand for Catholic in the “Gulliver’s Travels”.
Has ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ been written for children?
‘Gulliver’s Travels’ has been written for adults not for children but it is popular in children because it is like fairy tales. Little peoples, tall peoples and floating island were interesting elements for children but these have symbolic meanings for adults.
What is the purpose of Swift in writing ‘Gulliver’s Travels’?
The purpose of Swift in writing ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ is to bring reforms in society, religion and politics of Europe specially England.

▶Who are Blefuscudians?
Blescudians are pigmies of six inches like Lilliputians. Blefuscue symbolizes the France.

Charles Lamb Short Ques









Unpopular Essays’ by Russell 'Short Ques

Write the names of contents of ‘Unpopular Essays’ by Russell.
The names of the contents of ‘Unpopular Essays’ by Russell are Philosophy for laymen, Philosophy and Politics, The future of mankind, Function of a teacher, Ideas that have helped mankind, ideas that have harmed mankind, Intellectual Rubbish, On being modern minded and Philosophy’s ulterior motives.
Is Russell’s ‘Unpopular Essays’ about unpopularity?
Russell’s ‘Unpopular Essays’ not about unpopularity but about philosophy, politics and wellbeing of humanity.
What is the difference between Hegel and Locke's philosophy?
Hegel philosophy is that true liberty consists in obedience to an arbitrary authority, free speech is an evil, absolute monarchy is good, war is desirable, and an international organization for the peaceful settlement of disputes would be a misfortune. Whereas Locke's philosophy offers a theoretical justification of democracy. It preaches religious toleration, representative institutions, and the limitations of governmental power by the system of checks and balances.
What does Russell suggest for the Middle East?
Russell expresses his opposition to what he views as European imperialism in the Middle East. In the Middle East, Russell suggests that the West should avoid opposing Arab nationalism, and proposes the creation of a United Nations as peacekeeping force to guard Israel's frontiers to ensure that Israel is protected from aggression and prevented from committing it.
Interpret 'Change is one thing, progress is another'.
This line is from Russell's essay "Philosophy and Politics". In this line he says that 'change' and 'progress' are two different things. 'Change is scientific and 'progress' is ethical; 'change' is indubitable whereas 'progress' is a matter of controversy.
What are the three possible scenarios for the future of mankind?
Russell begins his essay, "The Future of Mankind", with three possible scenarios for the future of mankind. The first scenario is the extinction of the human race with the third world war. The second scenario is that the world would revert to a state of barbarism. And the third scenario is the unification of the world under one united power.
Why does Russell want a safe and prosperous future of mankind?
Russell wants a safe and prosperous future of mankind because he is a humanist. His pacifism, championship of democracy and moral fervour prove that he has the good of mankind at heart.
How is Russell a pacifist?
Russell is against the war and opposes the idea of First World War so; he loses his job at Trinity College Cambridge. For this reason he is called pacifist.
What is the difference between Hegel and Locke’s philosophy?
Locke’s philosophy of empiricism suggests a theoretical justification of democracy, religious toleration, representative institutions, and the limitations of governmental power by the system of checks and balances but Hegel’s philosophy of dogmatism is that true liberty consists in obedience to an arbitrary authority, free speech is an evil, absolute monarchy is good, war is desirable, and an international organization for the peaceful settlement of disputes would be a misfortune.
How would you define ’empiricism’?
Empiricism is philosophy in which limitations of gov’t through system of check and balance, liberty of speech, religious tolerance and against the war. Empiricism is opposite to dogmatism. Democritus and Lock were Empiricists.
What are the three possible scenarios for the future of mankind?
The end of life on the planet, world would return to primitive or barbarism or unification of nations under one government are three possibilities for the future of mankind.
What does Russell discuss in ‘The Philosophy of Laymen’?
Russell discusses in ‘The Philosophy of Laymen’ the theoretical and practical aspects of philosophy and importance of philosophy in the life of laymen.
What does Russell mean by ‘Intellectual Rubbish’?
Russell means by ‘Intellectual Rubbish’ is that peoples follow false belief, superstitions and baseless opinions without inquiring their validity.
What ideas did help mankind in pre-historic times?
The ideas that have helped mankind in pre historic times are increase in population, invention of language, invention of fire, taming of animals, invention of agriculture and art of writing etc.
What evil passions have harmed mankind?
The evil passions are men’s cruel impulses, pride, envy, delusion and superstitions’ that have harmed mankind.
Why are Russell's essays so difficult?
The subject matter of Russell's essays is difficult for average readers. Russell's style appeals mainly to intellects and very little to feelings or emotions. He uses words simply as tools, to convey his meaning plain and effective and not to produce any special effects. Moreover, there is no passion in his style; it is somewhat cold. That's why Russell's essays are so difficult.
Why is Russell so complicated?
Difficult subject matter, style devoid of feelings, effectless words and unknown logicism make Russell very complicated for average readers.
How is Russell a pacifist?
A pacifist is a person who believes that war and violence are unjustifiable. Russell condemned both sides in World War I (1914-1918), and for his uncompromising stand he was fined, imprisoned, and deprived of his teaching post at Cambridge. In World War II (1939-1945), he was an ardent opponent of nuclear weapons.
Why is Russell apposed to irrationality in human life?
According to Russell the whole conception of sin is merely a manifestation of the superstitious bent of mind. He says when man abandons his own reason and is content to rely upon authority, there is no end to his troubles. It is the irrational belief that human nature cannot be changed, and that, for this reason, there will always be wars. That is why Russell is opposed to irrationality in human life.
Man' is the basic concern of Russell. Why?
Man is the basic concern of Russell because he is not only a philosopher but also a humanist. His pacifism, championship of democracy and moral fervour prove that he has the good of mankind at heart.
What is the main focus of Russell's 'Philosophy and Politics'?
The main focus of Russell's "Philosophy and Politics" is the disastrous political consequences of Hegel's philosophy and the merits of Lock's philosophy of empiricism. Russell says that empiricist liberalism is the only philosophy that can serve mankind's purposes in our times.
Why does Russell favour the idea of world government?
Russell is a great believer in a single government for the whole world. In his essays "The Future of Mankind" and "Ideas That Have Helped Mankind", he insists that the world can be saved from wars and total extinction of the human race through the establishment of a world-government.

John Ruskin Pose Short Ques











Friday, 19 January 2018

Is Swift a Misanthrope?

Swift is not a misanthrope rather he is a philanthrope. It is the misconception of those who think Swift as a misanthrope. Swift only wants to reform mankind out of their follies and stupidities. He says that the chief end of all his labour is: 

“to vex the world rather than divert it”.

Secondly, he declares that:

“I have ever hated all nations, professions, and communities and all his love is towards individuals.”
Thirdly, though Swift does not believe that:

“Man is a rational animal”.

Yet he believes that:

“Man is capable of becoming rational if he makes the necessary efforts.”

But we see that Swift is notorious for being misanthrope. He was subjected to this allegation during his lifetime because the critics, identifying Gulliver with Swift, attributed Gulliver’s blunders to Swift. That Gulliver, in the last voyage, becomes a misanthrope is undeniable and indisputable. Prima facie, it appears that by developing a negative view of mankind, he starts preferring horses to men, but a solid reason of Swift underlies this act of Gulliver.

We observe that in the fourth voyage, Gulliver reaches a country of animals, ruled by animals. There are two categories of animals living there in: ugly and repulsive brutes – Yahoos:

“Yahoos who are unteachable brutes, cunning, gluttonous and disposed to great mischief”.

And comparatively better and nice-looking animals – Houyhnhnms. The moment he enters the country he is confronted with Yahoos and they give him such a nasty and obnoxious treatment that he develops a disliking for them in his heart, which is later converted into hatred owing to their disgusting physical appearance and their filthy and mischievous way of life. But his first meeting with Houyhnhnms, on the other hand, proves a nice experience. And this:

“First impression proves the last impression”.

They secure him against Yahoos, behave properly and gracefully escort him to their abode.

“The behaviour of horses shows him to be animals with an extraordinary power of understanding.

Naturally, this kind of treatment creates a sort of fondness in Gulliver's heart for Houyhnhnms and their way of life. Upto this time, nothing is objectionable, but his fault begin when he become so enamored of Houyhnhnms that he starts hating man or equating Yahoos with men, he begins to abhor Man. He develops a general hatred against all men. All the subsequent incidents – his hatred against the Captain, against his family, etc. – reflect his misanthropy.

The blunder which Gulliver committed is that, he over-idealizes them because Gulliver is a man who is fed up with Man’s corruption. Therefore, he cannot see corruption in Man. He finds Yahoos in a detestable and abhorrent condition on account of their being a slave of emotions, sensuality and sentimentality. He says:

“Yet I confess I never saw any sensitive being so detestable on all accounts; and the more I came near them, the more hateful they grew, while I stayed in that country.”

Houyhnhnms, in a comparatively better condition, lack that type of corruption that Yahoos have, for Houyhnhnms have no emotion.

“Houyhnhnms are free from lust and greed.”

Naturally, he attributes whole of Man’s corruption to emotions, passions and sentimentality. As a remedy, he starts hating emotions, passion and he falls a victim to pure intellect.

“Here was neither physician to destroy my body, nor lawyer to ruin my fortune, here were no gibers, …, backbiters, …, bawds, …, ravishers, murderers or … poxes.”

So, he mis-idealize Houyhnhnms, due to their pure intellect, somehow establishes a subjective ideal before him i.e. to be a man is to have pure intellect. He thinks:

“The only remedy for doing away with Man’s corruption and pollution is to get rid of all kinds of emotions”.

In the country of Houyhnhnms, when Gulliver has a choice, he adopts for the Houyhnhnms way of life, completely rejecting Yahoos’ path. But when he is compelled to leave the country and to break away form his beloved way of life, and to come to another way of life which he dislikes, it is but natural for him to hate it. In fact, his this ideal is perfectly erroneous. Swift says:

“Idealism leads towards destruction.”

So, it is wrong to detest Man, equating him with Yahoos and it is again inappropriate to set up the ideal of perfect man on the basis of Houyhnhnms’ pure intellect because neither a Houyhnhnms nor a Yahoo is a man, instead, man is a juxtaposition of both intellect and emotions.

“The best code of conduct is Golden Mean which is ‘balance’.”

So he mis-defines Man. However, the fact of the matter remains whether Swift becomes a misanthrope or not, but can we impute Gulliver’s misanthropy to Swift? If we virtually succeed to establish, some identity between Swift and Gulliver, Swift, too, will become a misanthrope.
But according to Swift a man is he who strikes a balance between rationality and sensuality and this balance is not gifted by birth. It has to be acquired. That’s why even Gulliver is subjected to Swift’s satire, for he loses the said balance.

That is the reason we don’t identify Gulliver with Swift and, inspite of Gulliver’s misanthropy, we call Swift a great philanthropist. As he, himself, says:

“I write for the noblest end, to inform and instruct mankind.”





























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