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Thursday 3 September 2020

Stoicism

They showed indifference to all problems and challenges of life. The foundation of their philosophy was built on the belief that everything was pre
determined.Everything had been decided by God already. Therefore, it was
useless to put up struggle or show resistance to any act of cruelty. They remained peacetul and satisfied in all circumstances. Apparently their ideas and belief's appeared to have some weight in them but actually it was a philosophy of retreat and escapism. History tells us that Zeno and his followers laid down their arms before the dictatorship of Macdonia without putting up any struggle.
An interesting incident has been reported about Zeno. He was against slavery But
inspite of being an opponent of slavery, one day he was seen beating his slave. The slave happened to commit some mistake.The slave took refuge in Zeno's philosophy and said to him, "Sir, according to your philosophy, it was predetermined that I would commit the mistake. Kindly forgive me as i bad no fault in it, It was already decided that I would do it." Zeno replied to him peacefully." It too was predetermined that I would beat you for this mistake. So there was no question
ere life and remained away from all types of luxuries of forgiving you." This philosophy taught that virtue was sufficient for happiness but happiness or pleasure should never be made the end of human strugle.

Thursday 24 May 2018

Othello Short Questions l Othello Multiple Choice Questions And Answers Pdf l Othello Exam Questions and Answers l Othello Mcq Questions and Answers


































What motivates Iago to detest Othello?
Iago tells Roderigo he dislikes Othello because it's just Michael Cassio, a Florentine, who never has a troop on the ground and doesn't know how to divide the fight. His anger becomes clear when he tells Roderigo that there is "no service" or seniority via personal love.

Why did Iago and Roderigo wake him up in the evening? Who was Brabantio? 
Brabantio was Desdemon's father, and they woke him up and told him of the secret marriage of Desdemona and Othello.

What are Iago and Roderigo's conversations as the first scene begins?
Othello and Desdemona's marriage.

Why is Roderigo so furious at the marriage of Desdemona?
He loves Desdemona. He loves Desdemona. He loves Desdemona. He loves Desdemona. He loves Desdemona. He loves Desdemona. He loves Desdemona. He loves Desdemona.

Why is Iago so angry at the beginning of Othello's play?
Instead of Iago, he promoted Cassio.

So why isn't Iago Othello?
Iago had been angry because Othello unjustly lifted him and made him a lieutenant for Michael Cassio, despite Cassio had no military training, unlike Iago. He thinks Othello slept with Emilia's wife too. However, the primary reason for his hate is Othello's profound bigotry.

Who is Roderigo? 
Roderigo is the secondary "Othello" adversary. He's a Venetian who adores Othello's wife Desdemona. He opened his bag for Iago, wrongly believing that Iago was using his money to pave the way for the bed of Desdemona. Roderigo died at the end of the day - Iago stabbed back.

What does Brabantio really believe he has escaped his daughter to persuade him to marry?
Her empty bed.

What was my critique of the Iago Scene?
For a promotion, Iago was passed over. Although Iago had a lengthier military experience, Cassio was made lieutenant. Cassio was promoted to Iago, since his studies covered theory and tactics, while Iago didn't.

Why did Iago and Roderigo wake him up in the evening? Who was Brabantio? 
Brabantio was the father of Desdemona. Iago and Roderigo are encouraging him to talk to Desdemona Othello about his marriage.

Who is Desdemona? 
Desdemona is a lovely young Venetian white debutant. She's the Senator's daughter, Brabantio. With Othello, she elopes. She could defend her marriage, laugh at Iago, and react with dignity to the unspoken envy of Othello. She declares Othello's love.

Who's Cassio? 
Michael Cassio is the lieutenant of Othello. He is a young and inexperienced soldier who is very hostile to Iago. Truly devoted to Othello, Cassio was terribly embarrassed to lose his position as a lieutenant after waging a drunk fight over Cyprus. Iago uses Cassio's young men, his good looks and Desdemona's friendship to play in the fear of Desdemona's Othello faithfulness.

What is the function of the Othello race?
Othello reaches the level of the Venetian army, a city of prejudice, which is similar to Elizabethan England. General of the Army, Othello is renowned in the Duke's court for his war successes, but not equal. He had barbs and preceding ideas, yet Othello received respect and the affection of the nobility's daughter. But Brabantio is furious at the marriage of Desdemona to Othello, claiming Othello used sorcery to force her into her "soothy bosom." The race is part of Othello's tragedy and the victims of Othello and Desdemona's plots. Maybe Othello's awareness of himself as an alien makes him more conscious of Iago's aim is as a separating weapon the most poisonous kind of race.

How does the use of words convey character by Shakespeare?
Shakespeare often employs poetry lines to convey grandeur in iambic pentameters. Iago's dishonesty reveals that he usually speaks to Othello and prose for his soliloquies in poetry. One method Iago is a master of deception is for his desire to use Othello's own words to hide his active involvement as a provocateur, making it appear that he had no evil mind but Othello. Othello's opening speech and his soliloquy at the end of Act V are very complex, but his eloquence crumbles if he is overwhelmed by envious wrath. Shakespeare utilises a dialogue to depict his characters' inner workings.

What were Iago's reasons for seeking vengeance on Othello?
Iago swore vengeance on Othello after he relocated to the position of Cassio. But is "the Moor hated" sufficient for him? He's obviously envious of Othello's romance and Desdemona's successful wooing. The race and position of Othello as an outcast also seems like fueling the rage, and believed that Othello was sleeping with the wife of Iago, Emilia. None of these factors seem to be driving violence. Iago is one of Shakespeare's most wicked villains.

Who is Brabantio? Who is Brabantio?
Brabantio is a Venetian senator and Desdemona's dad is "Othello." Several times before the performance began Othello entertained, allowing Othello and Desdemona to fall in love. He is angry they learn, and the choice of Desdemona in the final act is believed to have led to his death.

What was Brabantio's reaction to the wedding of Desdemona with Othello?
When Brabantio, Desdemona's father, discovers that his daughter was married to Othello, the answer is wrath. Wherever Othello meets the Venetian Senators, Brabantio accuses Othello for seducing his daughter by employing sorcery. It disturbs us because Othello is Moorish, not Veneto.





What is the military question of the Duke of Venice and his senators?
The Duke of Venice and his Senators speak about the Kingdom's Turkish military. They talk about which area of the kingdom they intend to assault. Finally, they concluded that Cyprus was their goal. So they're sending Othello to Cyprus.

Specify the term "moor?
"Moot" means the term used to be used by the Arab and Berber peoples of the Medieval Spain of North Africa. Thus Othello may be linked to the Moors which stayed in Spain after the fall of Granada in 1492 and were expelled there later in 1609.

Discuss how loyalty is portrayed throughout the game as good and bad.
The lack of allegiance of Othello is what motivates Iago's vengeance plot. Iago's ability to insult Othello, while secretly planning his death, makes his vengeance successful. It is Othello's conviction in the lack of devotion of Desdemona that marks their destiny. In this manner loyalty may be harmful if misunderstood. But the devotion of Desdemona to Othello even in her death and the loyalty of Othello to her after his fault has been exposed are regarded as ennobling elements of their personalities.


Compare and contrast Othello's jealousy with Iago's.

A prominent subject in Othello is vengeance - Iago's retribution on Desdemona's wrath on Othello and Othello. Both of them think that death is going to deliver justice. The vengeance of Iago is colder, planned over time, where it is an act of heartbreaking love. Iago is wearing his morality as an honorary badge while it is the moral code of Othello that leads to a sad conclusion.

While Othello is the title character, how is Iago the primary character?
The title character is often the primary character in Shakespeare's plays, such as Hamlet or King Lear. This is not the situation in Othello. Iago has almost 20% more lines than Othello and has greater parallels with the audience. While the choices and acts of Othello create the dramatic framework for the play, it is Iago who puts those decisions in motion and drives him to action. Othello, like Desdemona, is the tragic figure of the play and it's qualities that lend themselves to most themes: jealousy, race, trust. Iago, though, is the one who drives the narrative.

How does the deathbed claim of Desdemona that she murdered herself have an impact on her character?
From a contemporary feminist point of view, Desdemona may be severely condemned to respond Emilia when she asks who assaulted her deadly, "Nobody, I myself. Nobody. Farewell." She also looked resigned to her destiny by her spouse. While modern viewers may perceive such acts as incomprehensible, they emphasise their character's virtue. Desdemona is characterised by others as symbolising virtue in the play – bright, white, beautiful, delicate, alabaster. At the conclusion of the play, Desdemona starts to represent the gift itself, such that her response to her killing becomes another part in the sad end of Othello. Desdemona loves Othello, even if he's wrong, and she goes to her death and professes the reputation of her spouse. A contemporary audience may want a less melodramatic reaction, but this is not the world that Shakespeare has established in this play.

How does Othello enhance or weaken his suicide?
While death is not typically the preferred conclusion for a great character, Othello's only escape from his misdeeds. Although Othello is the victim of Iago's deceit, he remains the architect of his own death. Desdemona's death would have seemed fake if he had replied anything else than his own.

How can Othello win the love of Desdemona?
Desdemona's dad, Brabantio, often welcomed Othello to his house. Othello recounted stories of his odd experiences before he arrived in Venice. Desdemona came to hear the tales. Eventually, Othello started discussing his stories secretly with Desdemona. And they have fallen in love.

What is the importance of the Othello handkerchief?
The handkerchief is Othello's first present, so Desdemona is a sign of his love. Othello says that his mother used it to keep his father loyal to him and thus the handkerchief symbolises martial faithfulness to him. The pattern of strawberries on a white backdrop highlight the blood mark left on the sheets during a virgin's weeding night, thus the handkerchief offers both virginity and faithfulness guarantees.


Describe how the pride of Othello leads to its demise.
In the beginning, Othello is proud of himself and his accomplishments, but he is proud when Iago seeks to punish Othello for his perceived weakness. Desdemona's confidence in his honour fuels the wrath of Othello, but it is his glory that blinds him to the reality that the proof of his deeds is not a faithful friend, but an adversary committed to its destruction.

What evidence does Iago use to persuade Rederigo that Desdemona and Cassio are lovers?
He provides evidence of the handkerchief of Othello who ends in the hands of Cassio and offers an overheard discussion. He also stresses the difference between black Othello and white Desdemona to corrupt the goodness of Desdemona.

Who is Emilia?
Emilia is the wife of Iago and the maid of Desdemona, a lady of practice and endurance. She follows Iago wively but develops a deep fidelity to Desdemona throughout the performance and ultimately denounces the falsehoods of Iago defending the reputation of Desdemona.
The roles of Roderigo and Emilia illustrate the significance of Shakespeare's minor characters for his plays.Roderigo and Emilia's parts clearly demonstrate the significance of the minor characters in Shakespeare's plays. These are not superfluities but essentials, like the sculptor can't mould a delicate and exquisite statue without the harsh iron chisel. Much of the villainy in the lagoon is practised in Roderigo. Emilia is a striking contrast to Desdemona, and in contrast with her own low basic character she helps to highlight her inherent purity. The sweetness of Roderigo therefore makes the cerebral ability of the lago appear more strong.

Each one has a lesson to impart. Roderigo's example teaches that money in comparison with intelligence is insignificant; Emilia teaches punishment for the violation of truth and honesty.


What is Iago's connection with Emilia?
There's definitely not that strong and equal affection that we'd expect to find between man and wife. Lake utilises Emilia as its instrument, solely to the extent that she serves him. Lago doesn't have the desire or the capacity to love anything or anybody.

With some sort of intense devotion, Emilia appears to adore the lake. Her only goal, as can be seen from her stealing of the handkerchief.

Do we forgive or condemn the deathbed claim of Desdemona that she murdered herself?
I believe we're excusing it, because if falsehood has ever been spoken with pure intentions, this is a moment. And if any lie is holy, it is here that a dying woman sees her husband's pain, feels that at the time he loves her maybe more when he feels that the "beautiful rose" is drying up quickly, and wants to protect him from the outward repercussions of its action even a moment ago. "Whoever loves him a much will be forgiven."

Dr. Johnson argued that if the first act was removed, Othello would have been better. What is the significance of Othello's first act, and what is its purpose?
The first act of Othello is important to Iago, Othello and Desdemona's development of character. Here we are given the reason behind Iago's Moor hate and we get our first sense that Othello is a noble, logical, intellectual leader. Similarly, we learn via conversation in the opening action that Desdemona is under no circumstances divided from Othello and that her love of him is greater than her love of her father. Without this act, the following horrific events would have much less effect.

In Othello's play, Iago derides Cassio and claims he is "condemned into a beautiful woman." What does it mean? What does it mean?
This sentence was the topic of a lot of discussion. Cassio may be married (this is the case with Shakespeare's Cinthio source). Tucker Brooke is another possibility. In his play version he explains the phrase as follows: "Cassio, Iago adds, is such an effeminate man that the like cannot be sustained in a beautiful woman. 'in' here means 'in the person of' and 'wife' in general implies women. Iago is again lying in this portrayal of Cassio in order to establish Roderigo's opinion that Othello abused him. The dark emotion termed complex inferiority leads him the same way.

What warning does Branbanito offer Othello regarding Desdemona?
Brabantio tells Othello that if Desdemona, his daughter, deceives him to marry Othello, she may mislead Othello just as easily.

Why is Desdemona so fervently advocating the cause of Cassio?
Cassio and Desdemona are close friends. What happened to Cassio is exactly what she couldn't tolerate. So Desdemona begs so passionately for Cassio, claiming that he is a decent man and deserving to be restored in the favour of her husband.

What's going on with the Turkish fleet?
The Turkish navy is torn apart as it sails to Cyprus by a severe storm. This may indicate that there won't be a Turkish assault.

Aristotle Poetics




What is function of plot in tragedy?
plot shows an imitation of actions of life, and its purpose that a tragedy exists

What is supporting idea to insist poetry is higher than history?
as poetry expressed the universal, not the particular fact as history, poetry can be more philosophical and higher.

What are two natural causes of actions?
character and thought.

How did Aristotle divide six elements of tragedy in three parts?
Language, and melody are the media, Spectacle is the manner, and Plot, character, thought are the objects.

What is required to poets as writing tragedy?
Aristotle argues that poets should report things that might happen, not what have happened in tragedy.

which type of plot did Aristotle refer to as bad and why?
Aristotle says the simple type, which consists of episodic form, is the worst because it does not have inevitable sequence.

How does Aristotle define a good ending in tragedy?
it should be brought from plot and happened as reasonable and necessary outcome.

Which emotions should the audiences feel through characters in well-organized tragedy?
Pity, fear, and sympathy.

What are the 6 elements of tragedy?

plot, character, thought, diction, music, spectacle

Which element of tragedy is most important?
plot.

What is catharsis?
Releasing of emotions resulting in a revitalized state of feeling; self realization.

what is reversal in tragedy?
Reversal”) the turning point in a drama after which the plot moves steadily to its denouement. It is discussed by Aristotle in the Poetics as the shift of the tragic protagonist's fortune from good to bad, which is essential to the plot of a tragedy.

What is recognition in tragedy?
Change from ignorance to knowledge.Aristotle defined anagnorisis or recognition as "a change from ignorance to knowledge, producing love or hate between the persons destined by the poet for good or bad fortune" It is often discussed along with Aristotle's concept of catharsis.

What was aristotles most beloved tragedy?
Oedipus the king.


In what three ways does Aristotle differentiate various art forms from one another?
By the medium, objects, and manner of imitation.

Aristotle explains that the medium specific to poetry is one that uses what?
Language alone.

How does Aristotle differentiate poetry from prose?
Poetry uses rhythm in the form of meter.

The object poetry portrays is what, according to Aristotle?
Men in action

What is the feature of language in tragedy?
in tragedy Has rhythm and melody, not narrating the situation too much.

Which is required quality of characters in tragedy?
characters do not experience situations by extreme personality, neither being pre-eminent in virtue and justice, nor falling into misfortune through vice or depravity

What does Aristotle consider art to be?
Aristotle considers art to be an imitation of life.

What is poetic unity?
All plot events of a poem connect and revolve around a central idea.

What are Aristotle's traits of a tragic hero?
Here we have basic characteristics of a tragic hero, as explained by Aristotle: Hamartia – a tragic flaw that causes the downfall of a hero. Hubris – excessive pride and disrespect for the natural order of things. Peripeteia – The reversal of fate that the hero experiences.


How does Aristotle define a tragic hero?
Aristotle suggests that a hero of a tragedy must evoke in the audience a sense of pity or fear, saying, “the change of fortune presented must not be the spectacle of a virtuous man brought from prosperity to adversity." In other words, the focus of the tragic hero should not be in the loss of his prosperity.

What does Aristotle mean by Peripeteia?
Peripeteia, “reversal”the turning point in a drama after which the plot moves steadily to its denouement. It is discussed by Aristotle in the Poetics as the shift of the tragic protagonist's fortune from good to bad, which is essential to the plot of a tragedy.

What does Peripeteia come after?
Peripeteia comes from Greek, in which the verb peripiptein means "to fall around or "to change suddenly." It usually indicates a turning point in a drama after which the plot moves steadily to its denouement.
Who is the protagonist in Aristotle's "Poetics" and what is a specific example from the play?
Aeschylus is the author of the frequently-cited Oresteia, a play trilogy which includes Agamemnon. Aristotle attributes Aeschylus with a number of important innovations in the theater, including introducing a second actor, diminishing the importance of the chorus, and focusing on dialogue rather than music or dance (both of which were important elements in Ancient Greek theater). But Aristotle also faults Aeschylus, arguing that the playwright did not create a distinct poetic language.

How many types of poetry according to poetic?
there were three: tragedy, epic, and comedy.


Define Manner of Poetic imitation?
Poetry, as Aristotle defines it, is first and foremost a 'medium of imitation,' meaning a form of art that seeks to duplicate or represent life. Poetry can imitate life in a number of ways, by representing character, emotion, action, or even everyday objects.

What does Aristotle say about imitation?
According to Aristotle's theory, moral qualities, characteristics, the permanent temper of the mind, the temporary emotions and feelings, are all action and so objects of poetic imitation. Poetry may imitate men as better or worse than they are in real life or imitate as they really are.

What is mimesis according to Aristotle?
Similar to Plato's writings about mimesis, Aristotle also defined mimesis as the perfection, and imitation of nature. Art is not only imitation but also the use of mathematical ideas and symmetry in the search for the perfect, the timeless, and contrasting being with becoming.

What is Aristotle's definition of poetry?
The portion of the Poetics that survives discusses mainly tragedy and epic poetry. We know that Aristotle also wrote a treatise on comedy that has been lost. He defines poetry as the mimetic, or imitative, use of language, rhythm, and harmony, separately or in combination.

What did Aristotle say about comedy?
According to Aristotle (who speculates on the matter in his Poetics), ancient comedy originated with the komos, a curious and improbable spectacle in which a company of festive males apparently sang, danced, and cavorted rollickingly around the image of a large phallus.

What is Aristotelian criticism?
a critical theory, doctrine, or approach based upon the method used by Aristotle in the Poetics, implying a formal, logical approach to literary analysis that is centered on the work itself.

Define Literary criticism?
the art or practice of judging and commenting on the qualities and character of literary works.


What are the three meanings of imitation?
1.an act or instance of imitating. 2.something produced as a copy .counterfeit. 3. a literary work designed to reproduce the style of another author. 4.the repetition by one voice of a melody, phrase, or motive stated earlier in the composition by a different voice.

Define the term 'mock epic.
Mock-epic (also known as a mock-heroic) poetry draws heavily on the technique of satire, which means that it uses irony, exaggeration, and sarcasm to mock its original subject, usually in an undignified and grandiose manner.

What difference does Aristotle find between historyand poetry?
Basically Aristotle felt there was more philosophical substance to poetry than in history. He felt that man could express and learn from poetry in a way that he cannot from history. Poetry reaches the higher senses of mans' capabilities. Poetry infuses the abstract and the essence of enlightenment: history merely conveys information.

What is the climax of a drama?
The climax , it is a Greek word meaning "staircase" and "ladder") or turning point of a narrative work is its point of highest tension and drama, or it is the time when the action starts during which the solution is given. The climax of a story is a literary element.


What is the importance of plot in tragedy?
Aristotle argues that, among the six formative elements, the plot is the most important element. He writes in The Poetics. By plot Aristotle means the arrangement of incidents. Incidents mean action, and tragedy is an imitation of actions, both internal and external.

WordsWorth Lyrical Ballads

Was B.Wordsworth a good poet?
Wordsworth was an amazing poet. He was a key figure of Romanticism. His poetry merged the wonder of nature, God, and the universe.

With reference to the poem justify the claim that wordsworth was a Poet of nature.
All around him, Wordsworth sees people who are obsessed with money and with manmade objects. These people are losing their powers of divinity, and can no longer identify with the natural world. This idea is encapsulated in the famous lines: "Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers; / Little we see in Nature that is ours." Wordsworth believes that we have given our hearts (the center of ourselves) away in exchange for money and material wealth. He is disgusted at this especially because nature is so readily available; it almost calls to humanity. In the end, Wordsworth decides that he would rather be a pagan in a complete state of disillusionment than be out of touch with nature.

What does nature have to teach man?
Nature can teach man about his surroundings and sense of place. Nature can teach man about his own body and senses.

Why is the poet telling his friend to shut his books and learn from nature?
The speaker says that nature can teach a man about his surroundings and be part of something greater than the dry pages of books. Books offer no refuge for a man's tired spirit. I think the implication is that nature is soothing and can teach a man how to really live life.
"Come forth into the light of things, / Let Nature be your teacher."

Define the term pantheism in the light of William Wordsworth's " Tintern Abbey".
the doctrine that God is the transcendent reality of which the material universe andhuman beings are only manifestations: it involves a denialof God's personality and expresses a tendency to identify God and nature. 2. any religious belief or philosophical doctrine that identifies God with the universe.

Explain the concept of poetic process as given by wordsworth in preface to Lyrical Ballands.
Wordsworth's concept sets forth his belief that poetry must be written with the intent that the reader understand, real language should predominate, which would allow the reader to understand the words in the kind of language genuinely used to speak. He also says that poetry should evoke emotion... past emotions, as well as present. Lastly, Wordsworth cites the main purpose of poetry as a provider of pleasure through rhythm and expression.

What according to Wordsworth should be the themes of poetry ? how does he elaborate on the use of metre and simplicity of language?
Wordsworth believes that the themes of poetry should chosen from things that occur in real ife, and that these things should be described in common language. In other words, written the way in which we really speak. In addition, these themes should be presented in an unusual or alluring fashion, making them seem even more interesting than they really are.

What literary themes are made clear in Wordsworth’s poetry?
Wordsworth typically focuses on the beauty of nature and the way in which mankind is already abusing nature and turning away from that beauty. "Westminister Bridge" is centered on the beauty of London in the morning;"The World. . ." focuses on the fact that we spend too much time "getting and spending." With his elegant use of literary allusions (specifically to mythology), he reminds us that pagans "suckled in a creed outworn" appreciated the beauty of nature that we are throwing away.

Why does Wordsworth support "incidents and situation from common life" for his poetry ?
Unlike many of his contemporaries, Wordsworth believed that first and foremost he was speaking to his fellow man. Thus, his words had to appeal to men and convey an understanding of human nature. This understanding of the elementary explains his preference for using the ordinary.... a general view of the world and nature, one that we can all make a connection to while reading.

Discuss the concept of 'poetry' and 'poetic diction' as explained by wordsworth in preface to Lyrical Ballads.
Wordsworth argued that poetry should not be written in intricate speech not easily comprehended by everyone, but rather written in the language of the common man, so it might easily be understood.

Sunday 1 April 2018

Research Methodology


What is meant by semi structured questionnaire?
Semi-structured interview, While a structured interview has a rigorous set of questions which does not allow one to divert, a semi-structured interview is open, allowing new ideas to be brought up during the interview as a result of what the interviewee says.

What is the research?
Research comprises "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.

What are the qualitative research methods?
Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problem. Qualitative data collection methods vary using unstructured or semi-structured techniques. Some common methods include focus groups (group discussions), individual interviews, and participation/observations.

What are the two types of observation?
In the scientific method, two types of observation exist: quantitative and qualitative.
The Scientific Method Simplified.
The Power of Inquiry.
Quantitative Observations.
Qualitative Observations.

What is the difference between framework and methodology?
A methodology is a set of principles, tools and practices which can be used to guide processes to achieve a particular goal. A framework is a loose but incomplete structure which leaves room for other practices and tools to be included but provides much of the process required.

What is ethnographic research methodology?
Ethnography is an extremely broad area with a great variety of practitioners and methods. However, the most common ethnographic approach is participant observation as a part of field research. The ethnographer becomes immersed in the culture as an active participant and records extensive field notes.

What are the methods of observation?
Observational Methods in psychological research entail the observation and description of a subject's behavior. Researchers utilizing the observational method can exert varying amounts of control over the environment in which the observation takes place.

What is mixed questionnaire?
Mixed methods research is a methodology for conducting research that involves collecting, analysing and integrating quantitative (e.g., experiments, surveys) and qualitative (e.g., focus groups, interviews) research.

How do I know what my research design is?
Key Points
Research design defines the study type, research question, hypotheses, variables, and data collection methods. ...
Sociological research can be conducted via quantitative or qualitative methods. ...
Quantitative methods include experiments, surveys, and statistical analysis, among others.

What are the five steps in the research process?
The process of research involves the following 5 steps:
Problem Definition. The initial step in the process is to recognize a problem. ...
Designing the Research.
Figure: 5 Steps of Research Process.
Collecting Data.
Analyze the Data.
Interpretation of Results.

What are the different types of questionnaires?
Closed-ended questions which are aimed at collecting accurate statistical data can be classified into the following seven types:
Leading Questions. ...
Importance Questions. ...
Likert Questions. ...
Dichotomous Questions. ...
Bipolar Questions. ...
Rating Scale Questions. ...
Buying Propensity Questions.

What is an example of correlational research?
This is kind of a silly example, but it's an example of how you naturally correlate one event with another. A correlation is simply defined as a relationship between two variables. The whole purpose of using correlations in research is to figure out which variables are connected.
What are the five approaches to qualitative research?
There are several different approaches to undertaking qualitative research.
Ethnography. The ethnographic approach draws from anthropology, in which an entire culture is studied by an outsider. ...
Field Research. ...
Phenomenology. ...
Grounded Theory. ...
Case Study.

Is Phenomenology research qualitative or quantitative?
The goal of qualitative phenomenological research is to describe a "lived experience" of a phenomenon. As this is a qualitative analysis of narrative data, methods to analyze its data must be quite different from more traditional or quantitative methods of research.









Ethics of research?
Research that involves human subjects or participants raises unique and complexethical, legal, social and political issues. Research ethics is specifically interested in the analysis of ethical issues that are raised when people are involved as participants in research. There are three objectives in research ethics.

What are the five ethics of research?
Each of these basic principles of research ethics is discussed in turn:
PRINCIPLE ONE: Minimising the risk of harm.
PRINCIPLE TWO: Obtaining informed consent.
PRINCIPLE THREE: Protecting anonymity and confidentiality.
PRINCIPLE FOUR: Avoiding deceptive practices.
PRINCIPLE FIVE: Providing the right to withdraw.

What are the ethical issues in research?
Many or even most ethical codes cover the following areas:
Honesty and Integrity. ...
Objectivity. ...
Carefulness. ...
Openness. ...
Respect for Intellectual Property. ...
Confidentiality. ...
Responsible Publication. ...
Legality.

How to write a research proposal example?
Structure and Writing Style
Beginning the Proposal Process.
I. Introduction.
II. Background and Significance.
III. Literature Review.
To help frame your proposal's literature review, here are the "five C's" of writing a literature review:
IV. Research Design and Methods.
V. Preliminary Suppositions and Implications.

How do you write a proposal for a job?
Using basic marketing and sales techniques, you can write a persuasive proposal to your company for making you a manager.
Demonstrate a Problem or Need. ...
Provide a Cost-Benefit Analysis. ...
Show Support. ...
Write The Job Description. ...
Sell Yourself.

What is documentation and why is it important?
Documentation is the written and retained record of employment events.Documentation is made up of government and legally mandated elements, documents required by company policy and practice, documents suggested by best Human Resources practices, and formal and informal recordkeeping about employment events.

What are the steps of the research process?
Identify and develop your topic
Selecting a topic can be the most challenging part of a research assignment. Since this is the very first step in writing a paper, it is vital that it be done correctly. Here are some tips for selecting a topic:
Select a topic within the parameters set by the assignment. Many times your instructor will give you clear guidelines as to what you can and cannot write about. Failure to work within these guidelines may result in your proposed paper being deemed unacceptable by your instructor.
Select a topic of personal interest to you and learn more about it. The research for and writing of a paper will be more enjoyable if you are writing about something that you find interesting.
Select a topic for which you can find a manageable amount of information. Do a preliminary search of information sources to determine whether existing sources will meet your needs. If you find too much information, you may need to narrow your topic; if you find too little, you may need to broaden your topic.
Be original. Your instructor reads hundreds of research papers every year, and many of them are on the same topics (topics in the news at the time, controversial issues, subjects for which there is ample and easily accessed information). Stand out from your classmates by selecting an interesting and off-the-beaten-path topic.
Still can't come up with a topic to write about? See your instructor for advice.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of focus groups?
The main advantages of focus groups are: they are useful to obtain detailed information about personal and group feelings, perceptions and opinions. they can save time and money compared to individual interviews. they can provide a broader range of information.

What is the purpose of the questionnaire?
Advantages of questionnaires,Often questionnaires are designed so that answers to questions are scored and scores summed to obtain an overall measure of the attitudes and opinions of the respondent. They may be mailed to respondents (although this approach may lower the response rate). They permit anonymity.

What is the uses of questionnaire?
information is collected in a standardised way. they are usually straightforward to analyse. they can be used for sensitive topics which users may feel uncomfortable speaking to an interviewer about. respondents have time to think about their answers; they are not usually required to reply immediately.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of interviews?
The main disadvantages of interviews are: they can be very time-consuming: setting up, interviewing, transcribing, analysing, feedback, reporting. they can be costly. different interviewers may understand and transcribe interviews in different ways.

What is the classification of research?
Descriptive research provides information about conditions, situations, and events that occur in the present. It is also called statistical research. The main goal of this type of research is to describe the data and characteristics about what is being studied.

What are the two types of data?
It is useful to distinguish between two broad types of variables: qualitative and quantitative (or numeric). Each is broken down into two sub-types: qualitative datacan be ordinal or nominal, and numeric data can be discrete (often, integer) or continuous.

What is an opinion based research?
Opinion based research methods :generally involve designing an experiment and collecting quantitative data. For this type of research, the measurements are usually arbitrary, following the ordinal or interval type.

What are the qualities of a good research?
Knowing the difficulties lying ahead, I would like to suggest the following qualities: interest, motivation, inquisitiveness, commitment, sacrifice, excelling,knowledge, recognition, scholarly approach, and integration.

What is the meaning of correlational research?
In general, a correlational study is a quantitative method of research in which you have 2 or more quantitative variables from the same group of participants, & you are trying to determine if there is a relationship (or covariation) between the 2 variables (that is, a similarity in pattern of scores.

What are the approaches to qualitative research?
There are five approaches to qualitative research. They are: Narrative ~ Phenomenology ~ Grounded Theory ~ Ethnography ~ Case Study. Each approachto qualitative research is not mutually exclusive. They can be used in combinations.

What is difference between qualitative and quantitative research?
Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations.
Qualitative data collection methods vary using unstructured or semi-structured techniques.

What is the difference between a qualitative and quantitative analysis?
The main differences between quantitative and qualitative research consist in respect to data sample, data collection, data analysis, and last but not least in regard to outcomes. ... Quantitative research uses highly structured, rigid techniques such as online questionnaires, on-street or telephone interviews.

What is a semi structured observation in research?
The Semi-Structured Observation Guide is designed to give structure to an evaluator's observation of key events, regular meetings, or other gatherings where information about the process can be observed. Observations are a critical component of developmental evaluation and typically happen frequently.

What skills do you need to do research?
There is a researcher within all of us just waiting to be let loose…
An analytical mind. “As a market researcher you are constantly analysing a variety of factors. ...
The ability to stay calm. ...
Intelligence. ...
Curiosity. ...
Quick thinker. ...
Commitment. ...
Excellent written and verbal communication skills. ...
Sympathetic.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of correlational research?
Correlational research allows researchers to collect much more data than experiments. Correlation research only uncovers a relationship; it cannot provide a conclusive reason for why there's a relationship. Advantage to experimentalresearch. Allows drawing of conclusions about the causal relationships among variables.

What is a quantitative method?
Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques.

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative assessment?
Different from quantitative research, qualitative research employs the researcher as the primary means of data collection (e.g., interviews, focus groups, and observations. Each primary type of qualitative data contributes unique and valuable perspectives about student learning to the outcomes-based assessment process.

What is a quantitative assessment?
A means of gathering information about student learning that is integrated into theteaching-learning process. Results can be used to assess individual student performance or they can be aggregated to provide information about the course or program. can be formative or summative, quantitative or qualitative.

what is class observation?
A classroom observation is a formal or informal observation of teaching while it is taking place in a classroom or other learning environment. ... School administrators also regularly observe teachers as an extension of formal job-performance evaluations.

What is introspective method?
Introspection is the examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings. In psychology, the process of introspection relies exclusively on observation of one's mental state.

What is program evaluation research?
Program evaluation is a systematic method for collecting, analyzing, and using information to answer questions about projects, policies and programs, particularly about their effectiveness and efficiency. ... Program evaluations can involve both quantitative and qualitative methods of social research.

Define Survey?
A survey is a research method for collecting information from a selected group of people using standardized questionnaires or interviews. While many people think of a ques- tionnaire as the “survey”, the questionnaire is just one part of the survey process.

What is questionnaire in research?
A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions (or other types of prompts) for the purpose of gathering information from respondents.Although questionnaires are often designed for statistical analysis of the responses, this is not always the case.

Stoicism

They showed indifference to all problems and challenges of life. The foundation of their philosophy was built on the belief that everythin...